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- <text id=93CT1619>
- <title>
- Botswana--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Botswana
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> By the 1700s, the ancestors of today's African population
- were established either as self-sufficient herders and farmers
- or as hunters and gatherers in the region that is now Botswana.
- First contact with Europeans came through missionaries in the
- early 19th century, when the territory was torn by intertribal
- warfare. In the last quarter of the century, hostilities broke
- out between the Botswana and the Afrikaners from South Africa
- (Transvaal). Following appeals by Botswana for assistance, the
- British government in 1885 proclaimed "Bechuanaland" to be under
- British protection. The sourthern part of the territory was
- first constituted as a crown colony, later became part of the
- Cape Colony, and is now part of the Cape Province of the
- Republic of South Africa. The northern part, known as the
- "Bechuanaland Protectorate" (not Botswana) remained under
- British control.
- </p>
- <p> In 1909, despite South Africa pressure, inhabitants of
- Bechuanaland, Basutoland (now Lesotho), and Swaziland demanded
- and received British agreement that they not be included in the
- proposed Union of South Africa.
- </p>
- <p> As British central authority gradually expanded, it was
- accompanied by a steady evolution of local tribal government.
- In 1920, the central authroity established two advisory
- councils representing the African and European inhabitants. In
- 1934, proclamations were issued that regularized the positions
- and powers of the chiefs and defined the constitution and
- functions of the native courts under the native authority system
- that had evolved in other British dependencies. Tribal
- treasuries were created in 1938. In 1951 a Joint Advisory
- Council held its first session at Lobatse on June 21, 1961.
- </p>
- <p> In June 1964, the British Government accepted proposals for
- a form of self-government for Botswana that would lead to
- idependence. These proposals had been agreed upon unanimously
- during discussions in Botswana between the British Commissioner
- and representatives of the chiefs, political parties, and
- important minority communities.
- </p>
- <p> The seat of government was moved from Mafeking, South Africa,
- to the new capital at Gaborone in February 1965. The new
- constitution became effective in March 1965, and general
- elections were held. Botswana became independent on September
- 30, 1966.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Botswana has one of the few flourishing, multiparty
- constitutional democracies in Africa. The openness of the
- country's political system compares favorably with mature
- democracies elsewhere and has contributed to Botswana's
- remarkable stability and economic growth. Although a
- government-owned newspaper and broadcasting operation dominate
- the media, there is an independent press, and foreign
- publications are readily available. During its sixth national
- election in 1989, candidates from two of the country's eight
- political parties won election to the National Assembly. The
- Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) holds 31 of the 34
- parliamentary seats. However, the opposition Botswana National
- Front (BNF) made significant gains in town council seats.
- </p>
- <p> Botswana has one of the best human rights records in the
- world. The country's small white minority and other minorities
- participate freely in the political process. The roots of the
- country's democracy go back to Tswanan raditions, such as the
- "kgotla," or village council, in which the powers of traditional
- leaders were limited by cusom and law. Currently, political
- debate in Botswana often centers on development and on regional
- economic and political issues. Although they find the policy
- of apartheid repugnant and support efforts to abolish it, the
- pragmatic Botswana maintains necessary economic ties with South
- Africa. No restrictions exist on the free movement of goods or
- people between the two countries, and Botswana is a member of
- the Southern Africa customs Union. Botswana has refused to allow
- their territory to be used as a staging area for violent attacks
- on other countries of the region.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- DEcember 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-